[52] In 1949 Mann became head of pharmaceutical sales at Bayer. Le Zyklon B est un pesticide à base d'acide cyanhydrique breveté par le chimiste Walter Heerdt (ancien collaborateur de Fritz Haber) et produit par la firme allemande Degesch.. Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les nazis l'ont utilisé dans les chambres à gaz des centres d'extermination : les premiers essais homicides ont été effectués dans le bloc 11 d'Auschwitz I … The firm's factories included a synthetic rubber plant at the Auschwitz concentration camp where 30,000 people worked until they died or were deemed unfit and sent to the gas chambers. [50], Peter Hayes (Industry and Ideology: I. G. Farben in the Nazi Era, 2001) compiled the following table showing the increase in Zyklon B ordered by Auschwitz (figures with an asterisk are incomplete). [5] Several IG Farben scientists were awarded a Nobel Prize. The idea was that the inmates would be shaved and showered while their clothes were being fumigated. The defendants Ilgner and Kugler were released immediately after the judgement since they had already been in custody longer than their sentence. In World War II, an IG Farben subsidiary, Degesch, manufactured Zyklon B, the poison gas used at the extermination camps (the other supplier of the gas was the firm Tesch/Stabenow). Ernst Struss, secretary of the IG Farben's managing board, testified after the war that the company's chief engineer at Auschwitz had told him about the gassings. [citation needed], Although IG Farben was officially put into liquidation in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. Weiler Ter Meer (1.9 percent). Of the 24 defendants arraigned, 13 were found guilty on one or the other counts of the indictment and sentenced to prison terms ranging from one and one half to eight years, including time already served; 10 defendants were acquitted of all charges. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor. Farben. Thirteen defendants were found guilty,[68] with sentences ranging from 18 months to eight years. [41], This message was repeated by Wilhelm Rudolf Mann, who chaired a meeting of the Bayer division board of directors on 16 February 1938, and who in an earlier meeting had referred to the "miracle of the birth of the German nation": "The chairman points out our incontestable being in line with the National Socialist attitude in the association of the entire 'Bayer' pharmaceutica and insecticides; beyond that, he requests the heads of the offices abroad to regard it as their self-evident duty to collaborate in a fine and understanding manner with the functionaries of the Party, with the DAF (German Workers' Front), et cetera. In October 1904 an Interessen-Gemeinschaft between Bayer, BASF and Agfa was formed, also known as the Dreibund or little IG. (1947–1948), also known as the IG Farben trial, was the sixth of 12 trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany (Nuremberg) against leading industrialists of Nazi Germany. Une « petite IG », par opposition à lIG de 1925, a été fondée en 1905 par rapprochement concerté des sociétés chimiques BASF, Bayer et Agfa. [49] The gas was first used on human beings in Auschwitz (650 Soviet POWs and 200 others) in September 1941. Syarikat itu juga membuat gas racun Zyklon B, yang digunakan untuk membunuh tahanan di kem konsentrasi Auschwitz dalam Perang Dunia II. IG Farben tenía gerentes en su comité director. Liquidation Conclusion Law,[66] naming IG Farben's legal successor as IG Farbenindustrie AG in Abwicklung (IGiA)[67] ("I.G. Hayes writes that the inmates of Auschwitz III, which supplied the slave labour for IG Farben, were well aware of the gas chambers, in part because of the stench from the Auschwitz II crematoria, and in part because IG Farben supervisors in the camp spoke about the gassings, including using the threat of them to make the inmates work harder. Volume X: The I.G. IG Farben manufactured the poisonous Zyklon-B chemical which was used in the gas chambers. This prompted Duisberg and Heinrich von Brunck, chairman of BASF, to accelerate their negotiations. According to prisoner-physicians who witnessed the experiments, after being given the drugs the women would experience circulation problems, bloody vomiting, and painful diarrhea "containing fragments of muscus membrane". The Zyklon B gas, which killed millions of Jews, Gypsies and other people was produced by IG Farben´s subsidiary company Degesch. The company, in turn, blamed ongoing legal disputes with the former captive labourers for its inability to be legally dissolved and have the remaining assets distributed as reparations. [2], Willing cooperation with the slave labor utilization of the Third Reich was a matter of corporate policy that permeated the whole Farben organization... For this reason, criminal responsibility goes beyond the actual immediate participants at Auschwitz. Moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under the name IG Farben. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. [1] IG Farben also developed processes for synthesizing gasoline and rubber from coal, and thereby contributed much to Germany's ability to wage a war despite having been cut off from all major oil fields. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately 1.1 million people in gas chambers installed at … Ein weiterer Produzent war Sufomi in Frankreich. Most were quickly restored to their directorships and other positions in post-war companies, and some were awarded the Federal Cross of Merit. McCloy. Farbenindustrie AG in Liquidation).[66]. In 1926 IG Farben had a market capitalization of 1.4 billion Reichsmark (equivalent to 5 billion 2017 euros) and a workforce of 100,000, of which 2.6 percent were university educated, 18.2 percent were salaried professionals and 79.2 percent were workers. It includes other Farben Vorstand plant-managers and embraces all who knowingly participated in the shaping of the corporate policy.[3][4]. In June 1941, at the height of World War II, the German chemical giant IG Farben launched a factory to make synthetic rubber, a vital material for military purposes, at Monowitz, an Auschwitz satellite. Farben Chemical Company employed a Polish salesman who sold cyanide to the Nazis for use in Auschwitz.The same salesman also worked as a chemist in the manufacture of the poison gas. [45], For one experiment, which tested an anaesthetic, Bayer had 150 women sent from Auschwitz to its own facility. The firm manufactured large quantities of Zyklon-B gas used by the Nazis to kill millions of Jews at extermination camps during the Holocaust. [51], Several IG Farben executives said after the war that they did not know about the gassings, despite the increase in sales of Zyklon B to Auschwitz. [65][2] The division of property followed the division of Germany into four zones: American, British, French and Soviet. [57], The company destroyed most of its records as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. In 1908 Hoechst and Cassella acquired 88 percent of the shares of Chemische Fabrik Kalle. The four largest quickly bought the smaller ones. Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937. "IG Farben-Haus, Geschichte und Gegenwart" (in German). [12][13] One of its subsidiaries supplied the poison gas, Zyklon B, that killed over one million people in gas chambers during the Holocaust. Työntekijät tehtaalle saatiin viereisen Monowitzin leirin vangeista. The IG Farben plant's workforce consisted of slave labour from Auschwitz, leased to the company by the SS for a low daily rate. Farben at Nuremberg", "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. They wanted to expand their plants and work on a synthetic gasoline program. www.verfassungen.de. The charges consequently centered on preparing to wage an aggressive war, but also on slave labor and plundering. When World War II began, it was the fourth largest corporation in the world and the largest in Europe. [59], Mann, Hörlein and Wuster (directors of both IG Farben and Degesch) were acquitted at the IG Farben trial in 1948 of having supplied Zyklon B for the purpose of mass extermination. IG Farben owned 42.5 percent of Degesch shares, and three members of Degesch's 11-person executive board, Wilhelm Rudolf Mann, Heinrich Hörlein and Carl Wurster, were directors of IG Farben. The judges were Curtis Grover Shake (presiding), James Morris, Paul M. Hebert, and Clarence F. Merrell as an alternate judge. "[40] The company placed its resources, technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German government's disposal. Degussa produced the anti-graffiti substance Protectosil used to cover the stelae which are the major element in the memorial. On count three ("slave labor"), the judgement "allowed the defendants the benefit of the defense of 'necessity'" (Telford Taylor, "The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials"; International Conciliation, No. [a] These companies continued to operate as an informal cartel and played a major role in the West German Wirtschaftswunder. Also see .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Law No. [54] According to the post-war testimony of Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz commandant, he was asked by Walter Dürrfeld [de], technical manager of the IG Farben Auschwitz plant, whether it was true that Jews were being cremated at Auschwitz. Three major firms BASF, Bayer and Hoechst, produced several hundred different dyes. Sales of Zyklon B amounted to almost three-quarters of Degesch business; enough gas to kill 200 million humans was produced and sold by I.G. (Case VI)", "The Devil's Chemists on Trial: The American Prosecution of I.G. [56] Dürrfeld, a friend of Höss, denied knowing about it.[57]. Head of pharmaceutical sales for the Bayer. Produk yang dihasilkan oleh IG Farben termasuk pewarna sintetik, getah nitril, poliuretana, Prontosil, dan Resochin, antara lain. [62], The Americans seized the company's property under "General Order No. [60] Wurster became chair of the IG Farben board, helped to reestablish BASF as a separate company, and became an honorary professor at the University of Heidelberg. It manufactured Zyklon B, the gas-chamber poison, among many other products, and its factories exploited more than 35,000 slave laborers, many from Auschwitz. [86] Its stock (denominated in Reichsmarks) traded on German markets until early 2012. Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG (German for ''Dye industry syndicate corporation''), commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al., also known as the IG Farben Trial, was the sixth of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany (Nuremberg) after the end of World War II. In 1938 the company had 218,090 employees. Others argued for the formation of a profit pool or Interessen-Gemeinschaft (abbr. [54], Other IG Farben staff appear to have known. The purpose of a corporation's continuing existence, being "in liquidation", is to ensure an orderly wind-down of its affairs. I, in charge of nitrogen and gasoline production; Head of the chemical warfare committee at the war ministry; 8 years including time already served; died 1990, Removed from trial due to medical reasons, 2 years including time already served-died 1966, 6 years including time already served; died 1969, 2 years including time already served-died 15 Nov 1950, 3 years including time already served; died 1966, 1½ years including time already served; died 1965, 2 years including time already served; died 1954, 8 years including time already served; died 1967, Head of sales for dyestuffs for south-eastern Europe, 1½ years including time already served. [2] In 1945, according to Raymond G. Stokes, it manufactured all the synthetic rubber and methanol in Germany, 90 percent of its plastic and "organic intermediates", 84 percent of its explosives, 75 percent of its nitrogen and solvents, around 50 percent of its pharmaceuticals, and around 33 percent of its synthetic fuel. The dispute arose mainly because Degussa had also owned 42.2 percent of the shares in Degesch (… IG Farben-made Zyklon B poison gas canisters were thrown into the shower chambers. Joined supervisory boards of Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG Trostberg and Rheinauer Holzhydrolyse-GmbH, Mannheim. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. [68] The heaviest sentences went to those involved with Auschwitz,[69] which was IG Farben's Upper Rhine group. In 1978 Joseph Borkin, who investigated the company as a United States Justice Department lawyer, quoted an American report: "Without I.G. (The two other industrialist trials were the Flick Trial and the Krupp Trial.).