ig farben zyklon b

Farben. Syarikat itu juga membuat gas racun Zyklon B, yang digunakan untuk membunuh tahanan di kem konsentrasi Auschwitz dalam Perang Dunia II. It consisted of hydrogen cyanide, as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. This prompted Duisberg and Heinrich von Brunck, chairman of BASF, to accelerate their negotiations. Produk yang dihasilkan oleh IG Farben termasuk pewarna sintetik, getah nitril, poliuretana, Prontosil, dan Resochin, antara lain. When the workers became too weak from starvation or illness to work for the cartel, they were gassed in the camp by a prized IG Farben product called Zyklon-B. Neither were production or distribution facilities consolidated nor did the commercial staff cooperate. Allied Control Council. In 1908 Hoechst and Cassella acquired 88 percent of the shares of Chemische Fabrik Kalle. The Sales Combines are also requested to see to it that their agents are adequately supplied with National Socialist literature. Contrary to other industries, the founders and their families had little influence on the top-level decision-making of the leading German chemical firms, which was in the hands of professional salaried managers. As Hoechst, Cassella and Kalle were connected by mutual equity shares and were located close to each other in the Frankfurt area, this allowed them to cooperate more successfully than the Dreibund, although they also did not rationalize or consolidate their production facilities.[28]. IG Farben was founded in December 1925 as a merger of six companies: BASF (27.4 percent of equity capital); Bayer (27.4 percent); Hoechst, including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle (27.4 percent); Agfa (9 percent); Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron (6.9 percent); and Chemische Fabrik vorm. [33], Throughout the 1930s the company underwent a process of Aryanization, and by 1938 Jewish employees had been dismissed and the Jews on the board had resigned. El pesticida Zyklon B, del cual IG Farben tenía la patente, fue manufacturado por Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), de la cual IG Farben poseía el 42,2 % en acciones. [50], Peter Hayes (Industry and Ideology: I. G. Farben in the Nazi Era, 2001) compiled the following table showing the increase in Zyklon B ordered by Auschwitz (figures with an asterisk are incomplete). IG Farben hield het patent op Zyklon B, maar het werd geproduceerd door Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung, in vertaling 'Duitse maatschappij voor de bestrijding van schadelijke planten en dieren'), waar IG Farben een belang van 42,2% in had. [20] Because of this unique situation, the economic historian Alfred Chandler called the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises". One product crucial to the operations of the Wehrmacht was synthetic fuel, made from lignite using the coal liquefaction process. L'insetticida Zyklon B, del quale la IG Farben deteneva il brevetto, e che veniva usato nelle camere a gas per gli omicidi di massa, era fabbricato dalla Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), una società posseduta al 42,2% dalla IG Farben e che aveva manager della IG Farben nel suo consiglio di amministrazione. The SS had been declared a criminal organization previously by the IMT. [23] In contrast, the chairman of Bayer, Carl Duisberg, argued for a merger. [citation needed] In January 1955 the Allied High Commission issued the I.G. In the United Kingdom Brunner Mond, Nobel Industries, United Alkali Company and British Dyestuffs merged to form Imperial Chemical Industries in September 1926. [8] A decade later, it was a Nazi Party donor and, after the Nazi takeover of Germany in 1933, a major government contractor, providing significant material for the German war effort. [86], On 10 November 2003 its liquidators filed for insolvency,[87] but this did not affect the existence of the company as a legal entity. [a], In its heyday, IG Farben was the largest company in Europe and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world. Farben (42,5%), die Degussa (42,5%) und der Theo-G… "[42], By 1943 IG Farben was manufacturing products worth three billion marks in 334 facilities in occupied Europe; almost half its workforce of 330,000 men and women consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners. Hayes writes that the inmates of Auschwitz III, which supplied the slave labour for IG Farben, were well aware of the gas chambers, in part because of the stench from the Auschwitz II crematoria, and in part because IG Farben supervisors in the camp spoke about the gassings, including using the threat of them to make the inmates work harder. [68] The heaviest sentences went to those involved with Auschwitz,[69] which was IG Farben's Upper Rhine group. Held from 1947 to 1948 as one of the subsequent Nuremberg trials, the IG Farben trial saw 23 IG Farben directors tried for war crimes and 13 convicted. Of the 50 typhoid sufferers given 3852, 15 died; 40 of the 75 tuberculosis patients given Rutenol died. The patients were suffering from, and in many cases had been deliberately infected with, typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria and other diseases, then were given preparations named Rutenol, Periston, B-1012, B-1034, B-1036, 3582 and P-111. [65][2] The division of property followed the division of Germany into four zones: American, British, French and Soviet. [b][15], The Allies seized the company at the end of the war in 1945[a] and the US authorities put its directors on trial. IG Farben is the company said to be supporting German terror activities and research of uranium ores in Brazil after World War II in, IG Farben is the name of the arms dealer played by, The company also plays a prominent role in, IG Farben is the German consortium that buys Du Pont in the. Fritz Bauer Institute. [14] IG Farben executives did visit Auschwitz but not Auschwitz II-Birkenau, where the gas chambers were located. Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG (German for ''Dye industry syndicate corporation''), commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. [54], Other IG Farben staff appear to have known. The remaining few left in 1938 after Hermann Göring issued a decree, as part of the Nazis' Four Year Plan (announced in 1936), that the German government would make foreign exchange available to German firms to fund construction or purchases overseas only if certain conditions were met, which included making sure the company employed no Jews.[9]. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. (The two other industrialist trials were the Flick Trial and the Krupp Trial.). In February 1941 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler signed an order supporting the construction of an IG Farben Buna-N (synthetic rubber) plant—known as Monowitz Buna Werke (or Buna)—near the Monowitz concentration camp, part of the Auschwitz concentration campcompl… In 2003 Degussa, a company closely associated with IG Farben during the Nazi period, was involved in a major controversy surrounding its involvement in the construction of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe ("Holocaust Memorial") in Berlin. IG Farben manufactured the poisonous Zyklon-B chemical which was used in the gas chambers. War crimes and crimes against humanity through participation in the, Membership in a criminal organization, the. [52] Mann, who had been an SA-Sturmführer,[53] was the chair of Degesch's board. The defendants Ilgner and Kugler were released immediately after the judgement since they had already been in custody longer than their sentence. Died 1968. Aerial photograph of Auschwitz, June 1944, showing the IG Farben plant, Peter Hayes (2001): "[I]t was Zyklon B, a granular vaporizing pesticide, that asphyxiated the Jews of Auschwitz, and a subsidiary of IG, the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Schädlingsbekämpfung MbH (German Vermin-Combating Corporation), or Degesch, that controlled the manufacture and distribution of the Zyklon. The company had been a major factor already in World War I, when their development of the Haber–Bosch process for nitrogen fixation compensated for Germany's being cut off from the Chilean nitrate trade and allowed IG Farben to produce synthetic nitrate and extract and process nitrogen for use in agricultural fertilizer. The judges were Curtis Grover Shake (presiding), James Morris, Paul M. Hebert, and Clarence F. Merrell as an alternate judge. The tribunal concluded that the defendants could be held responsible only for this one case. Altogether its annual net profit was around RM 0.5 billion (equivalent to 2 billion 2017 euros). The IG Farben plant's workforce consisted of slave labour from Auschwitz, leased to the company by the SS for a low daily rate. Le Procès IG Farben (officiellement The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al.) [citation needed], Although IG Farben was officially put into liquidation in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. The remaining property, worth DM 21 million (£6.7 million or €10.7 million), went to a buyer. IG Farben tenía gerentes en su comité director. L'abréviation IG Farben désigne la société allemande fondée le 1er janvier 1925 sous le nom de IG-Farbenindustrie AGnote 1. [29] The designation was used as the title of an East German film, The Council of the Gods (1950). [55] The general manager of Degesch is said to have learned about the gassings from Kurt Gerstein of the SS. [26] The two alliances were loosely connected with each other through an agreement between BASF and Hoechst to jointly exploit the patent on the Heumann-Pfleger indigo synthesis. I, in charge of nitrogen and gasoline production; Head of the chemical warfare committee at the war ministry; 8 years including time already served; died 1990, Removed from trial due to medical reasons, 2 years including time already served-died 1966, 6 years including time already served; died 1969, 2 years including time already served-died 15 Nov 1950, 3 years including time already served; died 1966, 1½ years including time already served; died 1965, 2 years including time already served; died 1954, 8 years including time already served; died 1967, Head of sales for dyestuffs for south-eastern Europe, 1½ years including time already served. Disregard of basic human rights did not deter these defendants. Similar mergers took place in other countries. Farben (Excerpt from “I.G. [38] Degesch originally supplied the gas to Auschwitz to fumigate clothing that was infested with lice, which carried typhus. Il a eu lieu du 27 août 1947 au 30 juin 1948. [1] IG Farben also developed processes for synthesizing gasoline and rubber from coal, and thereby contributed much to Germany's ability to wage a war despite having been cut off from all major oil fields. [27], Within the Dreibund, Bayer and BASF concentrated on dye, while Agfa increasingly concentrated on photographic film. In 1978 Joseph Borkin, who investigated the company as a United States Justice Department lawyer, quoted an American report: "Without I.G. Fritz ter Meer, an IG Farben director and Nazi Party member who directed operations at the IG Farben plant at Auschwitz, was sentenced in 1948 to seven years for war crimes during the IG Farben Trial at Nuremberg. [8] The company ended up being the "largest single contribution" to the successful Nazi election campaign of 1933;[32] there is also evidence of "secret contributions" to the party in 1931 and 1932. [2], Willing cooperation with the slave labor utilization of the Third Reich was a matter of corporate policy that permeated the whole Farben organization... For this reason, criminal responsibility goes beyond the actual immediate participants at Auschwitz. What is interesting is that ‘popular’ books and media for 70 years stated “Six Million European Jews were killed”. Un conseil de gestion commun fut créé, mais chacune des sociétés conserva son identité propre. [35] In February 1941 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler signed an order[36] supporting the construction of an IG Farben Buna-N (synthetic rubber) plant—known as Monowitz Buna Werke (or Buna)—near the Monowitz concentration camp, part of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex in German-occupied Poland. [25][page needed], Hoechst and several pharmaceutical firms refused to join. Formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies—BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. [69] All were cleared of the first count of waging war. Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937,[5] and three company scientists became Nobel laureates: Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in 1931 "for their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods",[6] and Gerhard Domagk in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil". [4] IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. In October 1904 an Interessen-Gemeinschaft between Bayer, BASF and Agfa was formed, also known as the Dreibund or little IG. 10, October 1946 – April 1949", "Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. The firm manufactured large quantities of Zyklon-B gas used by the Nazis to kill millions of Jews at extermination camps during the Holocaust. In June 1941, at the height of World War II, the German chemical giant IG Farben launched a factory to make synthetic rubber, a vital material for military purposes, at Monowitz, an Auschwitz satellite. Judge Hebert filed his statement on December 28, 1948, nearly 5 months after the judgment. They produced everything from pharmaceuticals to manufacturing chemicals to explosives. Le Zyklon B est un pesticide à base d'acide cyanhydrique breveté par le chimiste Walter Heerdt (ancien collaborateur de Fritz Haber) et produit par la firme allemande Degesch.. Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les nazis l'ont utilisé dans les chambres à gaz des centres d'extermination : les premiers essais homicides ont été effectués dans le bloc 11 d'Auschwitz I … Not a single member of the management of IG Farben before 1933 supported the Nazi Party; four members, or a third, of the IG Farben supervisory board were themselves Jewish. [7], The company had ties in the 1920s to the liberal German People's Party and was accused by the Nazis of being an "international capitalist Jewish company". This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 00:25. "'Straight to Hell' Bypasses Substance,", "Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes Trials, United States of America v Carl Krauch et al. Zyklon B was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. Höss replied that he could not discuss it and thereafter assumed that Dürrfeld knew. [38], Company executives said after the war that they had not known what was happening inside the camps. [86] Its stock (denominated in Reichsmarks) traded on German markets until early 2012. Instead, Hoechst and Cassella made an alliance based on mutual equity stakes in 1904. The Zyklon B gas, which killed millions of Jews, Gypsies and other people was produced by IG Farben´s subsidiary company Degesch. [12][44] [7], IG Farben has been described as "the most notorious German industrial concern during the Third Reich". The French followed suit in the areas they controlled. [70] Ambros, Bütefisch, Dürrfeld, Krauch and ter Meer were convicted of "participating in ... enslavement and deportation for slave labor".[71]. [31], IG Farben was controversial on both the far left and far right, partly for the same reasons, related to the size and international nature of the conglomerate and the Jewish background of several of its key leaders and major shareholders. IG Farben was the private German chemicals company allied with the Nazis that … This same cyanide gas along with Zyklon B and malathion was used to exterminate millions of Jews and other groups. Now IG Farben … [49] The gas was first used on human beings in Auschwitz (650 Soviet POWs and 200 others) in September 1941. [6] Gerhard Domagk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil". [21], With the world market for synthetic dyes and other chemical products dominated by the German industry, German firms competed vigorously for market shares. The IG Farben Trial was the second of three trials of leading industrialists of Nazi Germany for their conduct during the Nazi regime. "the planning, preparation, initiation, and waging of wars of aggression and invasions of other countries; "committing war crimes and crimes against humanity through the plunder and spoliation of public and private property in countries and territories that came under German occupation; "committing war crimes and crimes against humanity through participating in the enslavement and deportation for slave labor of civilians from German-occupied territories and of German nationals; "participation in a common plan or conspiracy to commit crimes against peace". The twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal, but took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice. In 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. "[47], Between 1942 and 1945 a cyanide-based pesticide, Zyklon B, was used to kill over one million people, mostly Jews, in gas chambers in Europe, including in the Auschwitz II and Majdanek extermination camps in German-occupied Poland. [2] In 1945, according to Raymond G. Stokes, it manufactured all the synthetic rubber and methanol in Germany, 90 percent of its plastic and "organic intermediates", 84 percent of its explosives, 75 percent of its nitrogen and solvents, around 50 percent of its pharmaceuticals, and around 33 percent of its synthetic fuel. Despite the extensive evidence presented by the prosecution that showed that the company had been deeply involved in Germany's rearmament after World War I from the onset, the tribunal rejected the charges for preparing an aggressive war and for conspiracy to that end. The dispute arose mainly because Degussa had also owned 42.2 percent of the shares in Degesch (… (Case VI)", "The Devil's Chemists on Trial: The American Prosecution of I.G. The first American air raid on Frankfurt came on January 29, 1944, when a vast fleet of 800 B-17 Flying Fortresses obliterated the entire city—except the IG Farben … Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal VI, were Curtis Grover Shake (presiding judge), former Chief Judge of the Indiana Supreme Court; James Morris from North Dakota; Paul M. Hebert, dean of the Law School of Louisiana State University; and Clarence F. Merrell, a lawyer from Indiana, and friend of Judge Shake, as an alternate judge. After the end of World War I, chemical companies in Germany merged to form IG Farben. In 1932, representatives met with Hitler to ascertain if he would support their endeavors. Two years earlier, another part of Hoechst was sold in 1997 to the chemical spin-off of Sandoz, the Muttenz (Switzerland) based Clariant. [18], At the beginning of the 20th century, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. Sur les 24 accusés, 13 ont été condamnés à des peines de prison, 10 ont ét… McCloy. The Nazi chemicals giant IG Farben used forced labor and made poison gas. Released in 1950, he was elected chair of Bayer's supervisory board in 1956 and remained in that position until 1964.

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